Hep B Blog

Liver Cancer Screening Q&A with Dr. Amit Singal

Did you know that chronic infection with hepatitis B is the leading cause of liver cancer? 

For this month’s blog we talk to an expert in liver cancer, Dr. Amit Singal. Dr. Singal is a medical researcher and professor at the UT Southwestern Medical Center with extensive experience in digestive and liver diseases. Join us as we interview Dr. Singal about the importance of liver cancer screening as a preventive tool to improve health for people who may be at risk for hepatitis B or liver cancer.  

Question: What puts someone at risk for liver cancer or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)? 

There are several risk factors for liver cancer including obesity, being male, and older age; however, the biggest risk factor is the presence of advanced chronic liver disease (having cirrhosis for example). Most people who develop hepatocellular carcinoma (the most common type of liver cancer) do so after having cirrhosis (scarring of the liver). However, it is important to know that there is a small number of people with hepatitis B (about 10%) that can develop liver cancer or hepatocellular carcinoma without having cirrhosis.  

Question: Should a person with hepatitis B get screened for liver cancer? 

Chronic hepatitis B is a risk factor for HCC; but we do know that some patients are at higher risk than others for liver cancer. Most screening recommendations are based on demographics (like age and sex) and clinical characteristics (like how a person got hepatitis B and presence of other risk factors). We now have started to move to using a clinical risk calculator that incorporates these factors, such as the PAGE-B score (which is based on platelet count, age, and gender). A platelet count refers to the number of platelets or cells that help your blood clot. It is used in blood tests to detect any problems with your blood flow or diagnose any serious illnesses like cancer. You can learn more about the clinical risk calculators for liver cancer here.  

Question: Can liver cancer be detected at an early stage? 

Yes, liver cancer can be found at an early stage if patients undergo regular liver cancer screening. Liver cancer screening should be performed using abdominal ultrasound and a blood test, alpha fetoprotein (AFP), every 6 months. AFP is a protein found in the liver. Very high levels of AFP may indicate cancer. These tools are available, non-invasive (does not require the use of any tools to cut through the skin or enter the body) and can detect most liver cancers at an early stage. This is very important since we have cures available if liver cancer is found at an early stage, with average survival over 10 years in the United States for example. Unfortunately, patients where liver cancer is found at later stages do not typically have curative therapies available and have an average survival of only 2-3 years. Therefore, regular liver cancer screening, especially with hepatitis B, is so important.  

Question: Does an individual need to display symptoms before getting screened for liver cancer?  

We do not want to wait until patients have symptoms. Liver cancer can be silent and asymptomatic (without symptoms) for several months and is almost always silent at an early stage. Once people do have symptoms, patients typically have large tumors, and it is too late for curative liver cancer treatments.    

Question: What is the process of liver cancer screening like? What tests are used to screen for liver cancer? 

Screening should be performed using abdominal ultrasound and a blood test, alpha fetoprotein, every 6 months. These tools are available, non-invasive, and can detect most liver cancers at an early stage. If either test is positive or abnormal, then patients typically undergo confirmatory diagnostic testing with multi-phasic computerized tomography (CT) scan (a combination of x-ray scans that looks at changes insides your body) or contrast-enhanced MRI (a machine that produces pictures of organs in the body). 

Question: Are there any risks involved in liver cancer screening?  

Abdominal ultrasound and AFP are safe and non-invasive, so the risks of liver cancer screening are relatively low. However, there is a risk of false positive results, which means that someone tests positive when they are not positive for liver cancer. This can result in additional diagnostic testing and patient anxiety. Current research shows that these risks are uncommon, and the benefits of HCC screening far outweigh the associated risks.    

 

Our thanks to Dr. Singal for providing this life-saving information. Liver cancer may be silent, but people living with hepatitis B must be loud when telling their doctors that they need to be screened! 

If you have recently been diagnosed with hepatitis B or want to learn more about liver health, check out the Hepatitis B Foundation’s Information Guide here.  

“Photo from UT Southwestern.”

If it’s not broken, don’t fix it! A hepatitis B vignette.

The Scenario

Yufei Zhao is 45 years old and lives with his family in Philadelphia,   Pa. Yufei discovered that he had hepatitis B when he attended a community health fair with his family. Even though he was instructed to talk about his diagnosis with a doctor and learn more about possible treatment options, Yufei decided to do nothing as he did not feel sick. While he has health insurance through his employer, he never utilizes any health care services. He often skips annual wellness visits as he says he “never gets sick.”  

A few weeks ago, Yufei’s family noticed that he has been skipping meals frequently saying he’s full or not hungry. At his daughter’s urging, he decided to go for a visit. After conducting some more tests, his doctor explained that the chronic infection with the hepatitis B virus had progressed substantially, and he had developed cirrhosis. After an MRI diagnosis, it was revealed that Yufei had liver cancer.

The Hepatologist (liver doctor) explained to Yufei that the liver is an important organ and acts as a cleaning system for the body. It removes toxic waste, purifies blood, and helps to digest food properly. When the virus entered the liver, it made many copies of itself and started attacking healthy liver cells. This led to inflammation and weakened the ability of the liver to carry out its most essential tasks. Because he was never monitored for hepatitis B, the virus allowed tumors to grow in the liver which caused the cancer. When the tumors grow in size or number, it eventually spreads to other parts of the body and disrupts other vital processes as well. 

The doctor mentioned that liver cancer is often called the silent disease because symptoms may not always be present. Even with a hepatitis B, a person could look or feel okay but that does not mean the virus isn’t active and causing damage. When the symptoms do show up, it might be too late to prevent liver cancer. After discussing his options with the doctor, Yufei learned that the best treatment for him was to get a liver transplant.  

He weighed the pros and cons of getting a transplant and consulted with his family. Now, Yufei is placed on a waiting list for a liver transplant to become available. In the meantime, his doctor has suggested other methods to destroy the smaller tumors without surgery through radiation (ablation). Yufei continues to spend more time with his family as he hopes to respond well to treatment until a new or partial liver is available.  

The Challenge

Cultural Perceptions on Health & Well-being 

  • Yufei is an older male in the household and the backbone of the family. For this reason, he considers it an obligation to prioritize his family over his personal health. It is important to understand these cultural and social beliefs prevalent in many different cultures and households. 
  • Family members should be advised to encourage their loved ones (especially older family members) to take charge of their health. It is important to check-in with your loved ones and assure them that sickness does not necessarily mean weakness. Taking care of one’s health can mean taking charge of one’s future.  

Hep B and Liver Cancer

  • Hepatitis B is a virus that causes inflammation of the liver. Without proper diagnosis and treatment, the virus can continue to multiply and damage healthy liver cells. This can lead to inflammation and scarring of the liver. This prevents the liver from doing its most important functions to maintain overall health which may result in the development of harmful tumors.  

Liver Cancer is a Silent Disease 

  • Many people with hepatitis B or liver cancer do not show symptoms of sickness but that does not mean the virus isn’t present or not actively working to harm the liver. Eventually, the physical symptoms will become noticeable as the virus/cancer advances to a more dangerous stage. 
What can you do?

Get tested! 

  • The most important thing you can do to prevent liver cancer is to get tested for hepatitis B. Most liver cancers develop from undiagnosed hepatitis B infections. There are a lot of people who have hepatitis B and do not know about it because they have never been tested. Even if you feel healthy and okay, it does not hurt to get tested!
  • If you don’t have hepatitis B, the test can tell you if you are vaccinated or if you need vaccination (which can provide lifelong protection from ever getting hepatitis B and help prevent liver cancer). 

Get screened! 

  • If you have hepatitis B, it is critical to manage the progression of the virus in your liver. For this reason, it is important to go through monitoring of your hepatitis B infection, liver health, and screen regularly for liver cancer.
  • Discuss with your doctor if you are at high-risk and how often you should get screened. It is recommended to get an ultrasound every 6 months to check how the virus is impacting the liver. AFP testing may also be done with regular monitoring of the liver to check for the possibility of liver cancer. 

Get educated! 

  • Stay up to date with the latest research and information on liver cancer! If you have hepatitis B, you should know that there is no cure for the virus but there is a lot of research that shows what you can do to ensure you live a healthy and long life.
  • Take an active role in learning about the disease and how it can affect your health over time. Learn about fibrosis, cirrhosis, liver cancer staging, and available treatments for hep B infection.  

References
  1. https://www.hepb.org/research-and-programs/liver/screening-for-liver-cancer/ 
  2. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/liver-cancer/treating/by-stage.html#:~:text=Treatment%20options%20might%20include%20ablation,%2C%20and%2For%20radiation%20therapy. 
  3. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/liver-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/staging.html 
  4. https://www.hepb.org/research-and-programs/liver/risk-factors-for-liver-cancer/ 

Ignore it till it goes away! A hepatitis B vignette.

The Scenario:

Woman is sick on couch, her husband is giving her an ice pack

Aroha Kawai just started a new job as a medical interpreter for Pacific Islander patients diagnosed with COVID-19. As a critical source of communication for the providers and the patients, she is often called to work night and weekend shifts. Aroha had a difficult conversation with the family members of a critical COVID-19 patient on whether they should discontinue ventilation support for the ailing grandmother. During this time, Aroha’s family noticed changes in her behavior. She stopped eating regularly, lost weight and repeatedly cancelled plans to go out. Aroha dismissed her family’s concerns as physical manifestations of the emotional burnout from work.

People are at a free hepatitis B screening event in a park.

Recently she attended a health fair hosted by her department at work. She approached a viral hepatitis screening booth and decided to get tested for hepatitis B. The following week, she received her results in the mail. Her results indicated that she had tested positive for hepatitis B. She shared her diagnosis with her mother who informed her that her grandfather died from liver cancer.  

Inside a doctor's office. A doctor is showing information about the liver. A woman with hepatitis B sits with her husband.

Aroha then followed up with her primary care doctor She discovered that she had chronic hepatitis B. Even though the ultrasound did not show any evidence of cirrhosis, her doctor ordered an imaging test (U/S, CT, MRI) to screen for liver cancer. Unfortunately, Aroha was diagnosed with early-stage liver cancer 

Inside a hospital room. A man and child visit a woman with hepatitis B in a hospital bed.

Fortunately, the cancer had not spread and did not infect nearby blood vessels. Her doctor suggested a partial hepatectomy to remove the tumor safely as the rest of the liver was still healthy. Aroha decided to adhere to her doctor’s advice and successfully underwent the surgery. She has taken some time off from work to focus on recuperating from the surgery and spending time with loved ones.  

 

 


The Challenge:
  1. Dismissal of Symptoms:
    • Aroha initially ignored the physical symptoms of liver cancer. It is true that signs and symptoms may not necessarily be present.
    • However, it is crucial to take care of one’s health and never ignore warning signs. Fatigue, unintended weight loss, and loss of appetite are a few of the symptoms of liver cancer. 
  2. Cancer without Cirrhosis: 
    • It is possible to get liver cancer without cirrhosis. Therefore, it is always important to screen for liver cancer if you have chronic hepatitis B infection. 
  3. Importance of Screening
    • Liver cancer screening is a highly effective method to detect malignant tumors and prevent cancer for those living with hepatitis B.
    • Early intervention increases the survival rate significantly and stops the cancer from spreading to other vital organs. 

What can you do?
  1. Get Help!
    • If you experience pain or discomfort of any kind, it is important to reach out for help. Set up an appointment with your doctor and discuss your concerns.
    • There is a good chance you might be misunderstanding an important health issue for side effects of stress or emotional burnout. Do not ignore your symptoms or feelings.  
  2. Get Screened!
    • Hepatitis B is a leading cause of liver cancer, most of the time it is because someone did not know they were infected with hepatitis B or were not managing their hepatitis B infection.
    • Everyone should be tested for hepatitis B to know their status. Ask your doctor for a hepatitis B screening today.  
  3. Stay on track!
    • If you have hepatitis B, it is critical to manage the progression of the virus in your liver. For this reason, it is important to go through liver cancer surveillance regularly. Discuss with your doctor if you are at high-risk and how often you should get screened.
    • It is recommended to get an ultrasound with blood work every 6 months to check how the virus is impacting the liver.  This includes the alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) blood test to measure the levels of AFP in your blood as it may indicate the presence of cancer cells in your liver. This can also help detect any scarring or tumors. 

Don't ignore it until it goes away. Get help. Get screened for hepatitis B. Stay on track.


Resources and Acknowledgements:
  1. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/liver-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/signs-symptoms.html 
  2. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/liver-cancer/treating/by-stage.html 
  3. https://www.hepb.org/research-and-programs/liver/prevention-of-liver-cancer/